The use of polymers as biomaterials has greatly influenced the advancement of the biomedical field. Various types of natural and synthetic polymers have been developed and modified to meet the requirements to be used in modern medicine. Among them, synthetic aromatic polymer such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyethersulfone (PES), polyetherimide (PEI), polyurethane (PU), and polyaniline (PANI) have been widely used in tissue engineering, therapeutics, surgical sutures, drug delivery, diagnostics, implants, and dentistry. These polymers had excellent thermal and mechanical stability, but they still needed to be modified to enhance certain properties. Therefore, polymers with the desired physical, biological, chemical, biomechanical and degradation properties must be considered in order to meet functional requirements. This review briefly discussed the use of synthetic aromatic polymers in biomedical applications in terms of their properties, material design and use, as well as developments, current progress and challenges based on previous research reports.