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Fish Wear Their Immune System on the Outside – What This Means for Aquaculture and Ecology
Pittman Karin1, Merkin Grigory2, Okubamichael Mearge3, Powell Mark4, Andersen Linda5, Carlo C. Lazado6.
After 40 years of intensive aquaculture, we know the fish as an animal better than we ever did from millenia of fishing. The fundamental differences between aquaculture animals and agriculture animals include the time spent in a controlled stable environment for juvenile organogenesis
(upto 70% of total lifespan for terrestrials vs 0-5% in aquatics), the number of evolutionary whole
genome duplication events contributing to the current genome (2R for terrestrials and 3R or 4R for
aquatics) and the body location of the mucosal immune barrier (inside for terrestrials and both inside and outside for aquatics). The external slimy layers (mucosa of skin, gills, and intestines which are the outside of the inside) make up this mucosal immune barrier. They contain antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic and antibacterial substances in constant dialogue with the environment for over half a billion years. The mucous cells exhibit an organ-wide repeatable response to stimuli such as therapeutics, stress, diet and environment. The application of an unbiased standard method, mucosal mapping or Veribarr™, over 12 years and over 100 trials in ecology and aquaculture has contributed to unprecedented understanding of how teleost mucosa function. Gills, which comprise about 50% of the surface area of fish, have proven to be the most sensitive early warning of systemic dysregulation. Some results from commercial-scale productions, from “detective work” and from controlled lab studies will be highlighted in the talk along with a plea for development of standards for fish health. The scope for growth in aquaculture as an industry resides in establishing and maintaining good stock health.
Affiliation:
- University of Bergen, Norway
- QuantiDoc AS, Thormohlensgate, Bergen, Norway
- Marineholmen RASLab AS, Thormohlensgate Bergen Norway, Norway
- Marineholmen RASLab AS, Thormohlensgate Bergen Norway, Norway
- ILAB Industriallab, Thormohlensgate Bergen Norway, Norway
- Nofima, Osloveien Norway, Norway
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