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Effects of ZnCl2 catalyst loading in hydrothermal carbonization of cotton textile waste to produce hydrochars
Muhammad Kasyfil Adha Rosly1, Wan Zuraida Wan Kamis2, Nur Alwani Ali Bashah3, Norain Isa4, Vicinisvarri Inderan5.
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a thermochemical process that utilizes
biomass as feedstocks to produce hydrochars as solid fuel. Cotton textile
wastes (CTW) are abundant; most are landfilled or incinerated, causing
environmental pollution. CTW is rich in cellulose, thus suitable as biomass
feedstock. HTC at a moderate temperature below 230 °C yields low-value
hydrochars with low carbon content; however, an acid catalyst enhances the
reaction. In this study, zinc-activated cotton textile waste (Zn-CTW) was
synthesized via incipient wetness impregnation and used as a catalyst in
hydrothermal carbonization to produce hydrochars. The reactions were
conducted in a batch reactor at a temperature of 200 °C for 3 h. The effects
of ZnCl2 catalyst loading on CTW were studied. The characteristics of
hydrochars in terms of surface morphologies, hydrogen/carbon (H/C) and
oxygen/carbon (O/C) ratios and surface functional groups were affected by
the ZnCl2 loading on CTW. The results show that the hydrothermal
carbonization of Zn-CTW-1.5 obtained hydrochars with the lowest H/C and
O/C ratio values of 1.286 and 0.614, respectively. The FTIR analysis
indicates stretching vibration of the C-O bond, which are the carboxylic
acids and esters formed in the hydrochars. The hydrochars' surface
morphologies show irregular and rough surfaces. It is concluded that ZnCTW has the potential as a heterogeneous catalyst to produce hydrochars
via hydrothermal carbonization.
Affiliation:
- Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Kampus Permatang Pauh, Malaysia
- Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Kampus Permatang Pauh, Malaysia
- Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Kampus Permatang Pauh, Malaysia
- Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Kampus Permatang Pauh, Malaysia
- Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Kampus Permatang Pauh, Malaysia
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